What is cavitation in hydraulic systems?

Cavitation in hydraulic systems refers to the phenomenon where vapor bubbles form in a liquid when the pressure drops below the liquid's vapor pressure. This typically occurs in pumps and hydraulic components when there is an inadequate supply of liquid or when there are rapid changes in fluid velocity that cause local pressure to drop.

As the flow conditions change, areas of low pressure allow the liquid to evaporate, forming vapor-filled cavities or bubbles. When these bubbles are carried into areas of higher pressure, they collapse violently, leading to shock waves that can cause significant damage to equipment, such as pitting on pump impellers or other surfaces. This damaging effect is why cavitation is a major concern in hydraulic system design and operation.

In contrast, flow separation refers to disruptions in the smooth flow of liquid in pipes, pressure build-up pertains to increased pressure in systems that can lead to failures if not managed, and excessive flow in bypass systems generally relates to leakages or unintended pathways that do not involve bubble formation. Understanding cavitation is crucial for preventing damage and ensuring efficient operation in hydraulic systems.